Computer Organization and Architecture

Computer Organization and Architecture

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Introduction :

                          The architecture of a computer is the set of resources seen by the computer programmer.
It includes general-purpose registers, the status word, the instruction set, the address space, etc.

Computer architecture is the architectural attributes like physical address memory, CPU and how they should be made and made to coordinate with each other keeping the future demands and goals in mind.

A computer's architecture is its abstract model and is the programmer's view in terms of instructions, addressing modes and registers. 

 The organization of a computer refers to the logical structure of the system, including the CPU, control unit, I/O, M, etc.

 Computer organization is how operational attributes are linked together and contribute to realizing the architectural specifications.

A computer's organization expresses the realization of the architecture.

Architecture describes what the computer does the organization describes how it does it.

History of  Computer Organization and Architecture:

The first documented computer architecture was in the correspondence between Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace, describing the analytical engine.
When building the computer Z1 in 1936, Konrad Zuse described in two patent applications for his future projects that machine instructions could be stored in the same storage used for data,
i.e. the stored-program concept.
Two other early and important examples are:

John von Neumann's 1945 paper, First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC, which described an organization of logical elements;
and Alan Turing's more detailed Proposed Electronic Calculator for the Automatic Computing Engine, also 1945 and which cited John von Neumann's paper.
The term “architecture” in computer literature can be traced to the work of Lyle R. Johnson, Frederick P. Brooks, Jr., and Mohammad Usman Khan.
All of which were members of the Machine Organization department in IBM’s main research center in 1959.
Johnson had the opportunity to write a proprietary research communication about the Stretch, an IBM-developed supercomputer for Los Alamos National Laboratory (at the time known as Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory).
To describe the level of detail for discussing the luxuriously embellished computer, he noted that his description of formats, instruction types, hardware parameters, and speed enhancements were at the level of “system architecture” – a term that seemed more useful than “machine organization.”
Subsequently, Brooks, a Stretch designer, started Chapter 2 of a book (Planning a Computer System: Project Stretch, ed. W. Buchholz, 1962) by writing,
Computer architecture, like other architecture, is the art of determining the needs of the user of a structure and then designing to meet those needs as effectively as possible within economic and technological constraints.
Brooks went on to help develop the IBM System/360 (now called the IBM zSeries) line of computers, in which “architecture” became a noun defining “what the user needs to know”.Later, computer users came to use the term in many less-explicit ways.
The earliest computer architectures were designed on paper and then directly built into the final hardware form.
Later, computer architecture prototypes were physically built in the form of transistor-transistor logic (TTL) computer—such as the prototypes of the 6800 and the PA-RISC—tested, and tweaked, before committing to the final hardware form.
As of the 1990s, new computer architectures are typically "built", tested, and tweaked—inside some other computer architecture in a computer architecture simulator; or inside an FPGA as a soft microprocessor; or both—before committing to the final hardware form. 

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August 26, 2017